Are Endometriosis, Adenomyosis, and PCOS Autoimmune Conditions?

By Our Daughters Foundation

More and more women are asking an important question: Could my hormone-related illness also be connected to my immune system?

Conditions like endometriosis, adenomyosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are often discussed in the context of reproductive health or hormonal imbalance. But researchers are beginning to explore deeper connections—specifically, whether autoimmunity plays a role in these diseases.

Let’s break down what the science says—and what questions remain unanswered.

Are Endometriosis, Adenomyosis, and PCOS Autoimmune Conditions?

By Our Daughters Foundation

More and more women are asking an important question: Could my hormone-related illness also be connected to my immune system?

Conditions like endometriosis, adenomyosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are often discussed in the context of reproductive health or hormonal imbalance. But researchers are beginning to explore deeper connections—specifically, whether autoimmunity plays a role in these diseases.

Let’s break down what the science says—and what questions remain unanswered.

What Is Autoimmunity?

The immune system is designed to protect the body from threats like viruses and bacteria. But in autoimmune diseases, the immune system becomes misguided and starts attacking the body’s own cells and tissues.

Common autoimmune conditions include:

• Lupus

• Rheumatoid arthritis

• Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

• Multiple sclerosis

Symptoms vary widely, but many autoimmune conditions involve chronic inflammation, pain, fatigue, and a pattern of flare-ups.

The Immune System and Endometriosis

Endometriosis occurs when tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus—causing pain, inflammation, and sometimes infertility. While its exact cause is still debated, many researchers believe that the immune system fails to clear out these rogue cells effectively.

Several studies have found:

• Women with endometriosis often have higher levels of inflammatory markers, like cytokines and prostaglandins.

• Natural killer (NK) cell activity is lower in women with endometriosis, impairing the immune system’s ability to destroy misplaced cells.

• There are elevated autoantibodies in some patients, suggesting an autoimmune component.

Some scientists now consider endometriosis to be a non-classical autoimmune disease—showing many features of one without meeting all diagnostic criteria.

Further reading:

• NIH - Immune dysfunction in endometriosis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30664929/

• Cleveland Clinic - Endometriosis and the Immune System: https://health.clevelandclinic.org/endometriosis-and-the-immune-system/

What About Adenomyosis?

Adenomyosis is sometimes called the "sister disease" of endometriosis. It occurs when endometrial tissue grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. It's less studied, but immune abnormalities have also been observed.

Research is still emerging, but here’s what we know:

• Women with adenomyosis show immune cell changes and chronic inflammation within the uterus.

• Some studies report increased macrophage and mast cell activity—cells involved in both immune defense and inflammation

• The condition often coexists with endometriosis, raising questions about shared immune pathways.

While it’s too early to label adenomyosis an autoimmune disorder, it may involve an immune imbalance that contributes to symptoms.

Further reading:

• Frontiers in Immunology - Immunopathogenesis of Adenomyosis: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.796273/full

PCOS and Autoimmune Overlap

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is primarily known as a hormonal disorder involving androgen excess and insulin resistance. However, there’s growing interest in its immune connections, especially in women with chronic inflammation or thyroid issues.

Emerging links include:

• Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (an autoimmune thyroid disorder) is more common in women with PCOS.

• Inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein (CRP) are often elevated in PCOS patients.

• Some PCOS patients have anti-ovarian antibodies, suggesting potential autoimmunity.

Still, the autoimmune theory is more speculative in PCOS than in endometriosis.

Further reading:

Further reading:

• Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism - PCOS and Autoimmune Disease: https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/106/9/e3536/6280755

Why Does This Matter?

If immune dysfunction is part of the puzzle, treatment strategies may need to shift. Many women with endometriosis, adenomyosis, or PCOS are treated solely with hormone suppression—but if autoimmunity is involved, we may also need to address inflammation, gut health, and immune regulation.

There’s also hope that newer treatments—like immunomodulatory therapies or even personalized nutrition and lifestyle interventions—could improve outcomes when tailored to the immune system’s role.

Bottom Line

We don’t yet have all the answers, but the research is evolving. Endometriosis, adenomyosis, and PCOS may not be traditional autoimmune diseases—but they often coexist with immune dysfunction, and the overlap deserves attention. At Our Daughters Foundation, we believe in honoring women’s voices, advocating for deeper research, and pursuing whole-body solutions.

If you’ve experienced overlapping conditions like endo, thyroid disease, or unexplained inflammation—you’re not alone.

What Is Autoimmunity?

The immune system is designed to protect the body from threats like viruses and bacteria. But in autoimmune diseases, the immune system becomes misguided and starts attacking the body’s own cells and tissues.

Common autoimmune conditions include:

• Lupus

• Rheumatoid arthritis

• Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

• Multiple sclerosis

Symptoms vary widely, but many autoimmune conditions involve chronic inflammation, pain, fatigue, and a pattern of flare-ups.

The Immune System and Endometriosis

Endometriosis occurs when tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus—causing pain, inflammation, and sometimes infertility. While its exact cause is still debated, many researchers believe that the immune system fails to clear out these rogue cells effectively.

Several studies have found:

• Women with endometriosis often have higher levels of inflammatory markers, like cytokines and prostaglandins.

• Natural killer (NK) cell activity is lower in women with endometriosis, impairing the immune system’s ability to destroy misplaced cells.

• There are elevated autoantibodies in some patients, suggesting an autoimmune component.

Some scientists now consider endometriosis to be a non-classical autoimmune disease—showing many features of one without meeting all diagnostic criteria.

Further reading:

• NIH - Immune dysfunction in endometriosis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30664929/

• Cleveland Clinic - Endometriosis and the Immune System: https://health.clevelandclinic.org/endometriosis-and-the-immune-system/

What About Adenomyosis?

Adenomyosis is sometimes called the "sister disease" of endometriosis. It occurs when endometrial tissue grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. It's less studied, but immune abnormalities have also been observed.

Research is still emerging, but here’s what we know:

• Women with adenomyosis show immune cell changes and chronic inflammation within the uterus.

• Some studies report increased macrophage and mast cell activity—cells involved in both immune defense and inflammation

• The condition often coexists with endometriosis, raising questions about shared immune pathways.

While it’s too early to label adenomyosis an autoimmune disorder, it may involve an immune imbalance that contributes to symptoms.

Further reading:

• Frontiers in Immunology - Immunopathogenesis of Adenomyosis: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.796273/full

PCOS and Autoimmune Overlap

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is primarily known as a hormonal disorder involving androgen excess and insulin resistance. However, there’s growing interest in its immune connections, especially in women with chronic inflammation or thyroid issues.

Emerging links include:

• Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (an autoimmune thyroid disorder) is more common in women with PCOS.

• Inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein (CRP) are often elevated in PCOS patients.

• Some PCOS patients have anti-ovarian antibodies, suggesting potential autoimmunity.

Still, the autoimmune theory is more speculative in PCOS than in endometriosis.

Further reading:

Further reading:

• Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism - PCOS and Autoimmune Disease: https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/106/9/e3536/6280755

Why Does This Matter?

If immune dysfunction is part of the puzzle, treatment strategies may need to shift. Many women with endometriosis, adenomyosis, or PCOS are treated solely with hormone suppression—but if autoimmunity is involved, we may also need to address inflammation, gut health, and immune regulation.

There’s also hope that newer treatments—like immunomodulatory therapies or even personalized nutrition and lifestyle interventions—could improve outcomes when tailored to the immune system’s role.

Bottom Line

We don’t yet have all the answers, but the research is evolving. Endometriosis, adenomyosis, and PCOS may not be traditional autoimmune diseases—but they often coexist with immune dysfunction, and the overlap deserves attention. At Our Daughters Foundation, we believe in honoring women’s voices, advocating for deeper research, and pursuing whole-body solutions.

If you’ve experienced overlapping conditions like endo, thyroid disease, or unexplained inflammation—you’re not alone.

Join Us: Make a Difference Today

Your support can transform lives. Every donation helps us fund research, advocate for better care, and provide essential grants to women facing debilitating conditions.

Join Us: Make a Difference Today

Your support can transform lives. Every donation helps us fund research, advocate for better care, and provide essential grants to women facing debilitating conditions.

© Our Daughters Foundation - All Rights Reserved

Krissy Duenkel

My Story: Krissy Duenkel

July 25, 20252 min read

Since I was around 12 years old, I’ve lived with excruciating periods. The kind of pain that made me miss days of school, doubled over in cramps, throwing up, and unable to function. I was told it was just “bad periods” and to tough it out — but what I was feeling was far from normal.

In college, things took a sharp turn for the worse. What used to be cyclical pain around my period became daily suffering. The cramps, back pain, leg pain — it never let up. I went from being a Division I athlete, pushing my body to its limits, to barely being able to get through a short walk. Eventually, I had to give up the sport I loved. I was trying to stay positive, trying to find answers. But every doctor’s visit felt like hitting a wall. I was dismissed, doubted, and gaslit time and time again.

After years of searching, an ER doctor finally said the word: endometriosis. I learned that the only way to confirm it was through exploratory surgery. I wasn’t ready yet — I tried everything else first: diets, medications, lifestyle changes. Nothing worked. The pain only got worse. I didn’t recognize myself anymore — I was just surviving.

Eventually, I couldn’t wait any longer. I had the surgery. They found endometriosis on multiple organs, along with adhesions that had fused parts of my organs to my pelvic wall. The relief after surgery was surreal. I experienced pain-free days for the first time in years — but only for about nine months.

Then it came back.

I tried another surgery a year later. And again, the cycle repeated. Short-lived relief, followed by a painful return. That brings me to today. I live with chronic pain — every day — without knowing when or if it will end.

But I’ve found a new purpose. Out of this suffering came something beautiful: Our Daughter’s Foundation, a mission born from pain but fueled by hope. I want a better future for others with this disease — one where they’re believed, diagnosed earlier, and given better options.

Today, my symptoms are complex and relentless. I experience pelvic congestion which results in extreme swelling in my lower abdomen, hips, back, and legs. It’s not just painful — it affects how I see myself. I struggle with body image, fatigue, nerve pain that radiates from my back down my legs, and daily flares triggered by even the smallest disruptions to my routine. I can’t exercise like I want to. I can’t live the way I used to. Intimacy is painful. Mornings are brutal. Nights are unpredictable.

This disease has taken a lot from me — but it hasn’t taken my voice. If you’re reading this and struggling, you’re not alone. I see you. And I’m fighting for a world where you don’t have to suffer in silence. -Krissy Duenkel

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